The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of crude extracts of four medicinal plants (A. pirottae, G. schweinfurthii, K. begoniifolia, and U. leptocladon), against ATCC and MDR clinical isolates of bacteria.
Based on ethnobotanical data, four plants were collected from different areas of South Omo through several field trips followed by taxonomic identification. Leaves (A. pirottae, K. begoniifolia, and U. leptocladon) and root (G. schweinfurthii) parts of plants specimens were subjected to extraction process using six different organic solvents through maceration and subsequent filtration. The resultant crude extracts were screened for primary in vitro antibacterial activity against ATCC bacterial strains, using agar well diffusion assay. The plants that showed the highest activity indices were further screened against MDR bacterial isolates. MIC was performed on the most active plant extract. Results of antibacterial activities were analyzed using statistical software, SPSS for Windows version 20.
The antibacterial activity significantly varied among the plant species, type of solvents used for the extraction and strains of bacteria tested. Ethyl acetate and ethanol was highly effective for extracting antibacterial principles, irrespective of plant species. The results of primary screening revealed that two plants (K. begoniifolia, and U. leptocladon) were highly active against ATCC strains. The results of the extended screening showed that, among the two plants, ethyl acetate extract of U. leptocladon efficiently inhibited the growth of MDR bacterial isolates. The MIC values of U. leptocladon were varied in inhibiting MDR bacteria tested.
The overall findings of this study demonstrated that all the four plants have antibacterial activities in varying degrees. U. leptocladon showed the widest and highest spectrum of antibacterial activities as per agar well diffusion assay and analysis of MIC. However, further ongoing and in-depth studies are mandatory in order to prove and understand in vivo efficacy, mechanism of action and toxicological profile of these plants.
In many regions of the world, particularly Ethiopia, the vast majority of traditional medicines are plant based. However, these plants were neglected and scarcely explored. Therefore, screening of plants used in traditional medicine could provide the chance of discovering antimicrobials that fight against infectious diseases.
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.2. Statement of the Problem
1.3. Significance of the Study
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURES
2.1. Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance Infections
2.2. Plant Based Antimicrobial Studies in Ethiopia
2.3. Ethnobotanical Data of Medicinal Plants in Omo Valley
2.4. Review on Plants Selected for the Experiment
2.4.1. Aloe pirottae Berger
2.4.2. Grewia schweinfurthii Burret
2.4.3. Kosteletzkya begoniifolia (Ulber) Ulber
2.4.4. Uvaria leptocladon Oliv
3. OBJECTIVES
3.1. General Objective
3.2. Specific Objectives
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1. Description of the Study Area
4.2. Study Design and Period
4.3. Selection of Medicinal Plants
4.4. Plant Material Collection and Transportation
4.5. Taxonomic Identification of Plants
4.6. Processing of Medicinal Plants
4.7. Preparation of Plant Extract
4.8. Test Microorganisms
4.9. Antibacterial Assay
4.9.1. Primary Antibacterial Screening Against ATCC strains
4.9.2. Extended Antibacterial Screening Against MDR Clinical Isolates
4.10. Determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
4.11. Quality Control
4.12. Statistical Analysis
4.13. Ethical Consideration
4.14. Oprational Definitions
5. RESULTS
5.1. Overall Primary Antibacterial Screening Against ATCC Bacteria
5.1.1. Primary Antibacterial Activity of A. pirottae crude extracts against ATCC
5.1.2. Primary Antibacterial Activity of G. schweinfurthii crude extracts against ATCC
5.1.3. Primary Antibacterial Activity of K. begoniifolia crude extracts against ATCC
5.1.4. Primary Antibacterial Activity of U. leptocladon crude extracts against ATCC
5.2. Extended Antibacterial Screening Against MDR Clinical Isolates
5.2.1. Extended Antibacterial Activity of K. begoniifolia Against MDR Clinical Isolates
5.2.2. Extended Antibacterial Activity of U. leptocladon Against MDR Clinical Isolates
5.3. Determination of MIC of U. leptocladon extract against ATCC strains
5.4. Determination of MIC of U. leptocladon extract against MDR clinical isolates
6. DISCUSSIONS
7. CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1. CONCLUSIONS
7.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
Research Objective and Scope
The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial potential of crude extracts from four specific medicinal plants (A. pirottae, G. schweinfurthii, K. begoniifolia, and U. leptocladon) sourced from the South Omo Zone in Ethiopia against both standard ATCC bacterial strains and multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates.
- Phytochemical screening and antibacterial potential of four traditional medicinal plants.
- In vitro evaluation against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including ESKAPE pathogens.
- Assessment of the efficacy of different organic extraction solvents.
- Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the most promising plant extracts against MDR bacteria.
Excerpt from the Book
1.1. Background
Archeological evidence showed that, the use of plants in traditional medicinal practice dated to the Middle Paleolithic age, some 60,000 years ago (1). It is reported that morethan 3.5 billion people of the world rely on plants for the treatment of both human and livestock diseases (2). World health organization (WHO) estimated 80% of population in developing countries is dependent on traditional medicine. Specifically people, who are marginalized, can’t afford or access formal health care systems entirely depend on it (3). Despite the widespread use of plant-based treatments, reports of serious adverse effects are rare, and a long history of practice suggests that herbal medicine may be clinically effective. Moreover, plant-originated secondary metabolites have great concern because of their antibiotic activity without conferring resistance (4,5). The reason why plant derived antimicrobial extracts do not develop resistance compared to the synthetic ones is not clear so far. This can be directly linked to the difficulty in understanding the mechanisms of actions as well as active constituents involved.
It speculated that plants developed antibiotics as a self-defense mechanism against environmental bacterial pathogens. Besides, that bacteria could have difficulty in developing resistance to unpurified therapeutic botanical extracts due to the presence of multiple and potentially synergistic active compounds (6).
Summary of Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION: Outlines the historical context of medicinal plants, the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and the rationale for investigating under-researched flora in the South Omo Zone.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURES: Surveys the global and local landscape of AMR, existing ethnobotanical knowledge, and provides detailed botanical information on the four selected experimental plant species.
3. OBJECTIVES: Defines the specific goals of the research, focusing on the antibacterial screening of crude plant extracts against ATCC strains and MDR clinical isolates, including MIC determination.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Details the study area, the collection and identification of plant specimens, the extraction process using various solvents, and the laboratory protocols for bacterial cultivation and sensitivity testing.
5. RESULTS: Presents the primary screening data, comparing the antibacterial activity of different plant extracts, and details the MIC findings for the most effective species, Uvaria leptocladon.
6. DISCUSSIONS: Interprets the findings by comparing them with existing pharmacological research, discusses the impact of solvent polarity, and addresses the clinical significance of the observed antibacterial activities.
7. CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS: Provides a summary of the study's findings regarding the antibacterial efficacy of the plants and offers recommendations for future in vivo and pharmacological research.
Keywords
Antibacterial activity of plants, South Omo Zone, U. leptocladon, A. pirottae, G. schweinfurthii, K. begoniifolia, Multidrug resistance, Traditional medicine, Ethiopia, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites, In vitro screening, Phytochemistry, Clinical isolates.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the core focus of this research?
The research focuses on the scientific validation of traditional medicinal plants from the South Omo Zone in Ethiopia to combat the rising threat of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens.
What are the primary themes covered?
The main themes include ethnobotanical documentation, antimicrobial screening of plant extracts, the impact of extraction solvent polarity on potency, and the challenge of antibiotic resistance.
What is the central research question?
The study asks whether crude extracts from four specific plants used by local traditional healers possess quantifiable antibacterial activity against both standard ATCC bacteria and MDR clinical isolates.
What methodology was employed?
The research used an in vitro experimental design involving maceration extraction, agar well diffusion assays for primary screening, and tube dilution methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC).
What does the main body discuss?
The main body systematically details the study area, the collection of plant samples, the rigorous laboratory protocols used for bacterial identification, and the statistical analysis of the results using ANOVA.
What keywords define this work?
The key terms include Antibacterial activity, Uvaria leptocladon, South Omo Zone, Multidrug resistance, and Traditional Ethiopian medicine.
Why was Uvaria leptocladon highlighted?
Uvaria leptocladon was highlighted as the most effective candidate, demonstrating the broadest spectrum of antibacterial activity and significant potency against MDR strains.
What are the implications for MDR management?
The results provide scientific evidence that extracts from these plants, particularly Uvaria leptocladon, could serve as a source for developing novel, alternative therapeutic agents for infections that have become resistant to standard antibiotics.
- Citation du texte
- Sintayehu Gobezie (Auteur), 2019, Antibacterial activity of four plant species used in traditional medicine practice of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/978692
